Cement mixing ratio. 257m3, or 7. For example, if you’re using a standard Portland cement with a kilogram weight bag and a 1:3 sand to cement ratio, then for each bag of Portland cement you would need to The purpose of the M25 mix ratio is to ensure the concrete has the necessary strength for various structural applications without being overly complex or costly. ) and gravel (cu. If I break the weights down to a cubic meter of concrete it equals: 1. The right grinding tools can turn any aggregate into the perfect aggregate. 5) The use of a super plasticizer can reduce water to cement ratio for perlite concrete and increase the 28-day compressive strength. Calculate the Total Volume of Concrete: The total volume of concrete can be calculated by multiplying the length, width, and thickness of the patio: With the standard mortar ratio of 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand), you need to add those numbers together (8), divide the 650kg by this number and then multiply by the 6 from the ratio. The process of tiling The concrete mix ratio for a basic mixture of crushed rock, sand and cement typically consists of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 3 parts aggregate, by volume. It makes figuring out the best mix proportions simple. Typically liquid pigments are added to the mixing water and dry pigments are added toward the end of The proportion of sand-cement is 4 to 1. As we all know, concrete is a The concrete mix ratio refers to the proportion of different materials used in a concrete mix. The ideal concrete mix ratio for columns is 1:1:2. 1006) Fast-Setting (No. Mar 14, 2021 #1 I’m needing to mix a small amount of concrete for porch foundations, I’ve got an Belle Minimix 150 and planning to use 14mm ballast. The popular recommendations of 2:1 or 3:1 ratios for bricklaying or repointing may not always work well, it all depends on the sand you're using and varies from quarry to quarry. 3 N/mm 2 at 28 days age. Only if absolutely needed, add small amounts of additional water (in increments of ~100ml) to achieve a workable mix. The water-to-cement ratio plays a crucial role in determining the strength and workability of the mortar. This ratio is typically expressed in terms of the volume or weight of the components, such as 1:2:4, where “1” Achieving the perfect concrete mixture relies on understanding concrete mixing ratios. This mixture may be varied to achieve the desired compressive strength of the concrete. 180÷300 = 0. Tilt mixing bucket and stir with a grout-mixing knife. That’ typical amount of cement required for 1m3 cement mortar with 1:5 mix ratio is about 370 kg (or 0. ) and not to weights. 1101) QUIKRETE 5000 (No. Family Handyman. 1 part cement: 1 part sand: 2 parts aggregate ). The total volume of cement in each hole must be at least 1 litre. In C12/15 grade of concrete, cube’s compressive strength is 15MPa, while cylinder compressive strength is 12MPa. Poisson’s ratio 0. Various methods used to ascertain the ratio of cement, sand and aggregate are explained below: Concrete Mixing Ratio for Columns. 6 (i. pdf) or view presentation slides online. 50 water to cement ratio. Unstabilized bases have high deflection due to low permeable bases using an open or gap-graded mix are utilized under concrete pavements. Suppose you are planning to build a patio and need to determine the appropriate mix ratio for the concrete. More water, cement or sand can be added if the mixture is too wet or dry. As we all know, concrete is a mixture of basic materials like cement, sand, aggregates, and water. What is the ratio of sand and cement mix 4 to 1? A mix ratio of 4 to 1 means 4 parts sand and 1 part cement. Its ingredient mix proportion are in the ratio of 1:1:2 i. Class C (2,000 psi) Cement 5. The first one or two digits refer to the binder content (lime, cement or both) and the last digit always refers to the filler, which is usually sand. . For example, a typical “water-cement” ration of Concrete mixing ratios, also known as concrete mix designs, refer to the proportions of different ingredients used to create a concrete mix. 5 : 2. 5 litres of clean water per bag; The two criteria for a successful mix ratio are: (1) high compressive stress (2) adequate workability Proportioning Concrete Once a mix ratio is selected, you need to com pute the amounts of cement, water, and aggregates required To start, we need to estimate the volum e of concrete required for the job. 45 by mass. Water-to-Cement Ratio . 51 m3 of cement, 0. to obtain the required properties of resulting mix. Use Simply put, a mix ratio refers to the proportion of different ingredients that are used to create concrete, including cement, sand, and aggregate. 5:3) are the nominal mix ratio of concrete. When using a mixer ensure it is sited on firm, level ground. Normal Grade of Concrete: Concrete Grade Mix Ratio Characteristic Compressive What is the best concrete mix ratio? We’ll go into the ins and outs of mix ratios in more detail below, but to simplify, a good concrete mix ratio for a concrete floor is: 1: cement 2: sand 4: coarse aggregates (for concrete slabs) When mixing, it’s important that the concrete is placed within half an hour to ensure consistency and easy Calculate cement concrete mix design or estimate how much cement concrete volume is required for your construction using our free online calculator. Share. For future reference, mark the water level with a permanent marker. 2. You’re going to want to pour your water into the hole – pint by pint should do it, mixing as you go. Use containers such as buckets, drums or tins. Then put the contents of the ready-mix bag into your What is a Concrete Mix Ratio? The concrete mix ratio refers to the cement, sand, and aggregate proportion in a concrete mix. Concrete Mix Ratios For 3000, 3500, 4000, and 4500 psi concrete. M25 concrete is used in the construction of projects that require higher load resilience such as buildings, beams of bridges Selection of water-cement ratio. Remember, the thickness of plastering should not be more than 15mm. This paper reviews and discusses the general classifications of grouting techniques and the suitability of their applications. The common concrete mix ratio to create M25 grade of concrete is 1:1:2 (cement: Sand: Stone) by volume, which is used in heavy loaded RCC work, commercial and industrial building, rigid Pavement Construction, high rise building, etc. additional air entraining agents are not recommended . The set time for this product is 10-15 minutes. It is a design mix, which means that the civil engineers on site will determine the ratio based on the construction requirements. m. Portland cement - You can buy this in a 94lb bag 2. 5, plus water) 3 shovels of the gravel or grog/crushed The proper concrete mixing ratios are 1:2:3, 1:3:3, 1:2:4 for cement, sand, and stone. But when we say 1 part cement to 4 parts sand, we are referring to volumes (buckets, cans, etc. Here are some basic concrete mix ratios based on the proportions of cement, sand, and stone: 1:2:3: This means one part cement, two parts sand, and three parts stone. Steps to mixing concrete . Add the masonry cement, lime, and sand in the appropriate amounts to your mixing container, then add water on top of the dry ingredients. Also, Read - Difference Between OPC and PPC Cement This mix ratio (one part cement, two parts sand, and three parts aggregate) is widely used for general construction purposes, such as small concrete projects and non-load-bearing structures. This means, 1m3 of C20 grade of concrete can be prepared by mixing of 1 part of cement (343kg of cement) + 1. 3 N/mm 2 at 28 days from Fig. Aggregates The ratio of concrete mix is important in construction as it is the ratio of water to cement (w/c) that largely determines the durability and strength of the building. In this guide we cover: Different types of mortar; The difference between mortar, cement and concrete; How to mix mortar including the correct ratios for different jobs; Advantages of Concrete Mix Design. This mixing process lasts for 1 hour. In this article, we will go over the mix ratios for C20, C25, C30, C35, and C40 concrete, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of what each classification means and how it can be used in construction projects. bags, 56 per pallet . Generally, the cement mortar should have a mixing ratio of 1:2 to 1:6 (cement: sand) by volume. For larger jobs, you could rent a mixer, but it may be more economical to simply order ready-mix concrete. This mix is great for many construction needs, like foundations, walls, bridges, and tall buildings. The key is in the preparation, choosing the right mix ratios, and effective cleaning and maintenance of your Mix Ratios. The standard mortar mixing ratio is one part Portland cement to three parts sand. It’s a mix of cement, aggregates, and water. Gravel 0. ( i. only use good quality plastering sand. Guide to Cement-Treated Base (CTB) 2 Asphalt Unstabilized Cement-stabilized Figure 1. Using a shovel, smaller bucket or scoop, put three parts sand and one part cement into a mixing tub or trough, wheelbarrow, cement mixer or a 5-gallon (19 L) bucket. Best mix to fill up these holes would be 1:4 ratio by volume cement to sand/ballast mix (20mm stones in the ballast). This article dives deep into the world of concrete mix ratios, explaining how they impact the strength, workability, and overall success Explore a wide range of plastering cement with JK Cement. 7 m3 stone gives a ratio of 1: 3: 3) and ‘Small Batches of Concrete Mixes’ which states that the 25 Mpa ratio is 1: 2. The common nominal concrete mix ratio to create a 25 MPa concrete is 1 : 2. 3. 1:2:4: Need even more Mix cement and sand in a ratio of 1:6 (one part cement: six part sand). These ratios, often expressed numerically (e. 5: 2. Aggregate design batch weight cement-to-aggregate ratio = cement (in lbs. Cement acts as the binding agent or glue that holds the mixture together when mixed with water. The total amount of mixing water needed to make a high The common concrete mix ratio to create C20 grade of concrete is 1 : 1. Standard concrete mix ratios, like nominal mix ratios, are straightforward. gauging bucket. A lower water-cement ratio would result in a stronger and more durable concrete mix. Target average flexural strength for all A, B and C mixes S = S ’ + J a o- = 4. This varies depending on the type of mortar you need for your job. Instead of using a 'nominal mix' of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts aggregate (the second example from above), a civil engineer will custom-design a concrete mix to exactly meet the requirements of the site and conditions enter the desired mixing ratios for cement, sand, and gravel in the mix ratio fields; the cement-to-water ratio for the desired consistency of the concrete; the length of the slab in metres; the width of the slab in metres; the depth of the slab in millimetres; Results. Begin by dry mixing the cement and sand. The plaster cement sand ratio typically ranges from 1:3 to 1:6, depending on the specific application and desired finish. Incorrect mortar mix ratios – it should have been 3 x sand to 1 x cement but it was closer to 10:1 ratio, by my estimate. 75 cubic meters (750 liters) of sand to cover 1m3 of screed. Our online tools will provide quick answers to your calculation and conversion needs. The total amount of mixing water needed to make a high Water content may vary, but it’s typically around 0. Concrete mix 1-2-4 is a general-purpose concrete mix that can be used for a variety of applications, including setting posts, pouring foundations, and laying sidewalks. The common concrete mix ratio to create C20 grade of concrete is 1 : 1. In this mix of concrete, the performance of concrete is stated by the designer but the mix ratios are determined by the producer of concrete. The important factor is the durability required because these will require thick sides and bottom. 81 : 3. Make sure you have read the opera If you want to make concrete that is durable and strong, you will certainly want to use the proper concrete mixing ratios. Cement acts as the binding agent in M15 concrete, activated by water. Usually, it is The specific mix ratios will depend on the desired characteristics of the concrete, such as strength and workability. W/C Ratio = 0. How to make heat resistant concrete type for buildig wood fired pizza ovens and similar applications where heat and heating is present. ). First, let’s Concrete mix ratios are the proportions of concrete components such as cement, sand, aggregates and water. 30 to 0. 5:3, which means 1 part of cement, 1. In mix design, the water to cementitious materials ratio, W/CM, is often used synonymously with water to cement ratio (W/C); however, some specifications differen-tiate between the two ratios. Keep mixing – and as you’re already wearing suitable protective gloves enter the cement, sand, and gravel ratios; the cement/water ratio; the volume of concrete you need in cubic yards (yd³) Results. The so-called classic ratio for cement mix is called the 1-2-3 concrete-mix. M 15 (1:2:4), M 20 (1:1. This desired mix ratio produces concrete with a strong screeding mix ratio (vol) cement marvelime ® floor screed c l s bags per 100m2 @10 mm 20 kg swan® grey cement 1 0 4 16 0 note all render mix ratios are for standard cored clay bricks. However, an engineer-in-charge may permit nominal mix for grades M20 or lower. Cement Mortar Mix The 1:3 ratio is typically used for a stronger concrete mix, the 1:2 ratio is often used for a standard mix, and the 1:1. The water content in the concrete impacts its strength, durability and workability. Aggregate (stone) You can use 3/8", 1/2", or 1/5" stone for aggregate 4. Care should be taken in mixing perlite concrete to ensure that the proper amount of agent is used. How much aggregate do I add to cement? The amount of aggregate to add depends on the desired concrete mix ratio. For outer plastering. Multiply the weight determined in 5b by the de-sired cement-to-aggregate ratio. 30 MPa concrete is the same as a 4000 psi concrete mix, so the mix ratio is the same as above. However, the states of cement-soil mixture with various cement contents and water-cement ratios are quite different (Fig M25 concrete ratio comes under the standard concrete category with a compressive strength of 25 MPa. 1. 368 Kg of Cement. 231m3) , 0. To make concrete there are four basic materials you need: 1. Typically, a standard mix ratio for sand and cement screed is 1:3, meaning one part cement to three parts sand. Our goal is to help direct you to products that perform exceptionally well when making concrete based crafts and statuary. The nominal mix ratio is a pre-determined ingredient ratio commonly used for small-scale construction projects. The amount of cement used in the mix ratio is usually measured in bags per cubic meter of concrete. 1:2:4 water cement ratio. Depending on the application concrete mix design can be complex. However, building codes provide nominal and standard concrete mix ratios for various construction works based on experience and testing. Here are a few tips to avoid the problem and find the right concrete mix ratio. Desired Proportions of Each ingredient. 1 Part Cement; 3 Parts Stone; 2 Parts Sand. As shown in the table, both 3000 psi and 4000 psi concrete have the same mix ratios of 1 part cement to 3 parts sand and 3 parts aggregate. Once combined, gradually add the remainder of the materials. cadplan New Member. What is the mix ratio for 25MPa concrete. The density of cement is 1440 kg/m3 and the mix ratio for M25 concrete is 1:1:2. You’ll learn all you need to use the 1:2:4 concrete mix well in the UK. Common mortar specifications include 1:3, 1:2:9 or 1:1:6 mixes. Read More. One of the most common mistakes beginners make is to add too much water and end up with concrete that’s thin and soupy. g. g) Illustrative annexes for concrete mix proportioning for PPC, OPC with fly ash, OPC with ggbs, high M_c = (1/7) * Total Mass of Concrete Mix. 51 m3 of sand and 1. From a DIY job at home to an engineering project, concrete is a diverse product that is adaptable and well-utilised throughout New Zealand. That can mean four shovel fulls of rock with two of sand and one of cement; four 5-gallon buckets full of rock, two of sand and one of cement; or four front-end loader buckets full of rock, two sand and one cement. Type N mortar mix is best for the exterior and walls exposed to high heat and severe weather. sanded grout is a mixture of cement, filler particles, pigment, and 2. Sixty sandcrete blocks of size 450 mm x 225 mm x 150 mm of varying fibre content of 0% (control), 0. For making fake rocks you will want a mortar that is free of larger aggregates like gravel. 65 cubic metres stone. Excess air entraining reduces the strength of concrete. And when it’s done, just let it sit and wait for it to harden. As a quick answer, a concrete mix ratio of 1 part cement, 2 parts fine aggregate (sand) and 4 parts course aggregate will cover most general domestic jobs. 4 bags of 50kg cement). Lime concrete had broad applications in construction before the trend of using cement as binding material got prevalent. Use for Setting: Fence posts; Mailbox posts Standard Concrete Mix Ratios. The mix ratios are determined based on the type of construction and mix designs. Whether you hand mix concrete in a plastic tub, homemade mixing tub or wheelbarrow, the technique is the same to find the right concrete mix ratio. In fact, it is not recommended for load-bearing use due Conveniently, when mixing concrete, the ratio can be mixed on any range of scales. , 1 part cement, 1 part sand and 2 parts coarse aggregates. How to mix mortar. Meets or exceeds on each side of post. —— = 450 lbs. Find out the classic 1-2-3 ratio and other common ratios for slabs, footings, and high-strength concrete. 5 to 0. How to Use Cement All . Nominal Concrete Mix Ratio. Click Here to watch our 30 second video clip on getting the consistency of concrete right. Hi, I can’t make complete sense of the difference of mixing ratios between’ Large Batches of Concrete Mixes’ ( 25 Mpa =7 bags cement(0. Determine how much cement is required in the mix. , cement, sand, stone gravel for the following concrete mix ratios - 1:1. In conclusion, understanding the right cement mix ratio is essential for any successful construction project. all mix ratios are by volume e. Mixture: (parts ratio is 3 x 2 x 2 x 0. Just multiply each factor to the total volume (in cubic meter) and you’ll get the needed amount of cement (40Kg/bag), sand (cu. Aim for a balanced ratio that provides adequate hydration without making the mix too runny or dry. These ingredients typically include cement, water, sand, and aggregate (usually gravel or crushed stone). Concrete Proportioning Methods 2. These four types have different bonding properties, flexibility, and compressive strength. In Based on the GeoStudio software model, the influence law of cement-improved sandy silty soil on subgrade slope is analyzed under different water content, different subgrade width, different subgrade height, different subgrade slope ratio, and different cement incorporation ratios. Mixing Concrete A mixture of concrete is made up of sand and cement in a ratio of 5 : 3. 68 parts of Stone (1261 kg gravel) + 0. 5 parts of fine aggregates or sand, and 3 parts of coarse aggregates. 1 portion cement; 6 With the standard mortar ratio of 1:1:6 (cement:lime:sand), you need to add those numbers together (8), divide the 650kg by this number and then multiply by the 6 from the ratio. Sets posts without mixing. M20 concrete ratio is often used in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) constructions, including stairwells, beams, columns, and slabs. Mixing Perlite Concrete While perlite concrete is mixed in the same equipment (batching plants and transit mixers) and by similar water to cement ratio for perlite concrete and increase the 28-day compressive strength. For tiling walls, the ratio of mortar (the mixture of cement and water) is 1:3. Mixing cement at home doesn’t have to be intimidating. 3 Relative Proportion of Aggregates 3 - 4 1. This mixing ratio is 1:4:8, which means one part cement, four parts sand, and eight parts aggregates. It is designed for new concrete construction projects, concrete overlays, and repairs where a thickness 5 cm (2”) or more is required. It’s perfect for anyone doing home projects or working in construction. For general-purpose concrete, a common W/C ratio is 0. Discover the art of cement mixing - from precise measurements to perfect consistency. (5 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement to The mix ratios for concrete are typically expressed in terms of the proportions of cement, sand, and coarse aggregates. Using the right ratio is crucial for a successful construction project. 1 part Portland cement: The binding agent that Figuring out your own concrete mix ratio can be an extremely rewarding process. For example, for M20 grade of concrete mix, its compressive strength after 28 days should be 20 N/mm 2. Step 2: Calculate the Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) The water-cement ratio is a crucial factor that determines the strength and workability of concrete. This concrete mixing ratio is known as 10-20-30-40 rule which yields 3000 Psi strength concrete. The dose is 16 ounces of water for every 50 pounds of concrete mix. The previously mentioned mixing ratios are based on the proportion of cement, sand, and stone used in order. First, pour a measured amount of water (amount varies with bag size) into the mix from a bucket rather than squirting it in with a hose. 1:3:6 This ratio (one part cement, three parts sand, and six parts aggregate) is often used for foundations and large concrete masses where strength is a Design mix concrete is preferred over nominal mix. In your work, we used cylinder molds to In other words, 100 ft 3 of sand and 60 ft 3 of cement will make 160 ft 3 of concrete mix. 737 Kg of Sand. This means that the ratio is supposed to be made from 1 part cement powder, 2 parts sand, and 3 parts washed aggregate. 5% and 2. Mortar – 1 part cement, 4 to 5 parts building sand. Type O. The proportion of 1:2:4 concrete denotes the ratio of cement: sand: coarse aggregates by volume unless specified. Cement lime mortar are composed of cement, lime, sand and water. This means, 1 part of Portland cement mixed to 2 1/2 parts of coarse sand and to 2 1/2 parts of stone. 68 : 0. Concrete mix ratio: The strength of concrete mixture depends on the ratio in which these four ingredients are mixed. Concrete – 1 part cement, 2 parts concreting sand and 3 parts 20 millimeter aggregate. Concrete mix ratio of 1:3:3 - On mixing 1 part cement, 3 parts sand The mix ratio refers to the proportion of different materials in a concrete mix. The water-repellent is a waterproofing additive for cement, which, when incorporated in water, allows the pores of the cement mortar to be blocked, improving its damp-proofing capacity. Therefore, the total proportion is four (1+1+2), which means: • Proportion of cement = 1/4 • Proportion of sand = 1/4 • Proportion of aggregate = 2/4. Use this for general purposes. Concrete products refer to the directions on the bag for the clean water ratio; Mortar and Sand & Cement add 3. Add water to grouting powder in the manufacturer-recommend ratio. Different cements, aggregate types and other characteristics may produce concrete of different strength even if the water-cement ratio does not change. However, the minimum cement content can be laid down. Prepare a container with a flat, solid surface base and tall sides for mixing mortar, if mixing by hand. FAQs How is plaster mixed? To make cement plaster, mix cement and sand until homogenous and then add water to get the required consistency. CONCRETE MIX RATIO A typical concrete mix batch by volume, contains 10% Portland cement, 20% Water and airs, 30% Sand and 40% gravel. The quantity of A mix ratio of 1:2:4 means 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts aggregate. The most common ratio used for rendering is 6 parts sand to 1 part cement. com/buildingwithbudd to help us make better quality videos!In this video we mix concrete at a ra From preparation, to mixing, to groundwork – we run you through the process of how to use DIY cement. Gravel is the main difference between a concrete mix and a mortar mix. The "M" in M15 stands for mix, with 15 indicating the compressive strength in MPa. 45-0. In machine mixing, the mixer shall run for at least 5 minutes. Water - Clean cool water is best. Therefore 370 kg or 7. This ratio is typically expressed in terms of the volume or weight of the components, such The standard ratio for average mortar mix is 3:1 or 4:1 for bricklaying. 40, it means for every 50 Kg of cement(1 Bag) used in the concrete, 20 Liters Here is a general guideline for the design of M5 concrete mix ratio: Mix Proportions: As mentioned above the mix ratio for M5 concrete is usually 1:5:10 (Cement: Sand: Coarse aggregates). Concrete Mix Ratio Calculator. The mix ratios for concrete are typically expressed in terms of the proportions of cement, sand, and coarse aggregates. Below is an example of a sand to cement mix ratio recommendation from a cement manufacturer. The concrete mixing ratio for inner plastering is 1:6. Here is the standard chart table showing various grades of concrete mix design along with their respective ratios of Hi, I can’t make complete sense of the difference of mixing ratios between’ Large Batches of Concrete Mixes’ ( 25 Mpa =7 bags cement(0. Every reference document goes obsolete if left to drift for eternity, that is, without review. Features of Any typical concrete mix will consist of 4 ingredients. 4) For plain cement concrete, ratio of mortar mix (cement to sand) is = 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6. 1. Cement mix ratio for tiling, some helpful tips: In general, for floor tiles, the base mortar (the mixture of sand and cement) is in the ratio of 1:4. 898 cu. What Is Cement Used For? Of course, we all know about the classic use of concrete, but there are some other less-known uses for it. Before you start, make sure you wear safety glasses, a dust mask and a pair of gloves. The ratio of water and cement in the concrete mix is responsible for providing strength to the final concrete structure. Know exactly how many bags, kg and ton of cement, sand and aggregate is needed of specific cement, sand and aggregate ratio (m20, m15, m10, m7. Available in: 50 lb. A w/c ratio of 0. Cement is usually the most expensive of the three components of concrete and generally makes up slightly less than half of the total material cost of a typical concrete mix. You can follow a specific ratio, such as 1:2:3, which means one part cement, two parts sand, and three parts aggregate. 5:3 for M20 concrete. Selecting the right mix ratio is crucial for achieving the desired strength, durability, and workability of the Ready-mix concrete contains powdered lime, which is quite corrosive. The amount of cement used, the temperature at which it is mixed, the moisture level of the soil, and other elements can all affect the mixing procedure. Different types of cementitious material and aggregates of different sizes, grading, surface texture, shape, etc. Mix Cement Easily. The mixing process involves blending the soil, cement, water, and admixtures using specialized equipment, such as a soil-cement mixing plant or a tractor-mounted rotary mixer. created date: 10/23/2023 1:31:06 pm This calculator helps you determine the number of bags of cement, total volume of sand, gravel, and water needed for your project. For Mix A and B free W/C ratio with crushed aggregate and required average flexural target strength of 5. The best concrete mix for making fake rocks from concrete is actually a mortar mix and not concrete at all. 25: 3 (cement: lime: sand), in which 1 parts is cement, 0. Concrete mix ratio table. As for concrete, it depends on the strength you need it to be at. At its core, a concrete mixing ratio consists of four key components: cement, water, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), and admixtures. So, be sure to add the one part cement, again, to your sheet, with your shovel. 55% was used. This mix ratio is used for non-structural applications, such as in the construction of footpaths In general, a typical mix ratio for C12/15 concrete could be 1:2:4 by volume, a typical mix ratio for C16/20 concrete could be 1:1. This calculator looks at important factors like the concrete's strength, cement type, and mix ingredients. For example, Lee et al. The ratios in which these constituents are combined determine the concrete’s properties and suitability for specific applications. What is the history of cement? The term 'cement' is used to describe a range of binding materials, the most common of which are known as hydraulic cements. It also has medium compressive strength. On this page, you can calculate material consumption viz. So a 1:3 mix could mean one part by volume of lime or cement to three parts by volume of sand. In his article “As Simple as 1-2-3” (Concrete Construction, Jun/10), Allen Face reports that the 1-2-3 formula delivers concrete with a compressive strength of Cement comprises from 10 to 15 percent of the concrete mix, by volume. Q1: Why is the Cement to Sand Ratio important in construction? A1: The ratio of cement to sand affects the strength, durability, and workability of the concrete mixture. Too much water ruins good concrete. 7. 51 parts of water (175kg of water). Let’s take a closer look at the three types of concrete mix ratios: 1. A 3:1 sharp sand/cement ratio would create a high-strength floor but I’ve only ever worked with teams that have used 4 parts sharp sand to 1 part cement and this is perfect for domestic projects. 6. To figure out how much material you need, you calculate the concrete volume and apply the 1:2:4 ratios. the volume of concrete required, in cubic metres (m³) The table below shows the grade of concrete and its mixing ratio and its corresponding compressive strength after 28 days of construction. An even distribution of agent is also essential to As per IS 456:2000, the M20 grade concrete ratio is 1:1. 1 part cement; 1 part sand ; 2 parts aggregate; Please note that this is the usual ratio but it can vary according to the grade of concrete used. It simply means that if 1 kg cement is employed for making Concrete, you should use 1 kg sand and 2 kg aggregate. Mix it all in and create a ‘hill’ or ‘lump’ with a slight hole in the top. , can produce concrete with different compressive strengths for the same ratio of water and cement. What is the mix ratio for C30 concrete? A C30 concrete mix typically consists of approximately 1 part cement, 2 parts fine aggregate (sand), and 3 parts coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed stone). However, the most common mortar mix ratio for type N is 1 part cement, 1 part lime, and 5 to 6 parts sand. 65 cubic metres sand + 0. The American Concrete Pavement Association has information on the design, con-struction, and The proper concrete mixing ratios are 1:2:3, 1:3:3, 1:2:4 for cement, sand, and stone. Add the sand to the concrete and use a mortar trowel or hoe to fold them together. Its versatility allows it to be used for garden edges, mower strips, paths, garden slabs, foundations, footings, posts and uprights for pergolas. Once the jobsite is in order, wet the surface you’ll be bonding to, then remove any standing water. A typical 4 inch (10 cm) x 4 inch (10 cm) post will The c35 concrete mix ratio is a formula that makes concrete strong enough to withstand 35 megapascals (MPa) or 5,075 pounds per square inch (PSI). 1004) is a special blend of fast-setting cements, sand and gravel designed to set hard in approx. The mixing process can be done in a central plant or on-site using portable mixers. In M5 concrete mix ratio, the “M” stands for “Mix” and the number 5 represents the compressive strength of the concrete in 1 newton per square millimetre (N/mm 2) after 28 days of curing. On top of this, the use of supplementary materials like fly ash or slag can enhance strength and durability, but these are only really included on a case-by-case basis. Factors Affecting Concrete Mix Concrete Mix Proportioning — A graph of water-cement ratio versus 28 days strength of concrete has been introduced for different grades and types of cement, as an alternate method for assuming the initial water-cement ratio. 5) that almost 17 % less sand & stone ? Mixing Concrete Using a Mixer. Lukewarmbath As a rough guide, using aggregate cement ratio of 8:1 by loose volume, three and a half bags of cement and a cubic metre of aggregate will be enough to make about 400 The concrete mix should be used within two hours of mixing and must never be retempered by mixing in additional water, as this reduces the resultant strength of the mix. The 1:2:4 Ratio Explained. Common Mixing Ratios. These mix ratios are decided based on type of construction and mix Concrete Mix Ratio is the process of finding out the exact proportion of each ingredient of concrete to achieve the desired quality & property of concrete. The main difference is in the soil-cement is a mixture produced by grouting or mixing cement with soils. If you are building a large driveway or foundation for your house, however, it is recommended that you use 1 part portland cement to 3 parts aggregate by Concrete mix ratios are crucial for the right consistency, and the basic ingredients include aggregate, sand, cement powder, and water. Mix the product with clean, potable water using a Cement mix ratio for tiling, some helpful tips: In general, for floor tiles, the base mortar (the mixture of sand and cement) is in the ratio of 1:4. Design mix ratios are decided by an engineer after analyzing the properties of the specific ingredients being used. Mix the product with clean, potable water using a The cement mortar mix ratio depends on the type of construction and the strength requirements of the mortar. The main aim of the concrete mix design is to find out the desired proportion of each ingredients which are cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water etc. Add clean water, a little at a time, as Get the right concrete. These ratios influence the properties of the concrete mix. For C20 concrete, the The Mortar Mix Ratio Notation. 03 m3 of coarse aggregates to make 1 m3 of C35 concrete mix. 5:3 by volume, a typical mix ratio for C20/25 concrete could be 1:1:2 by volume, and a typical mix ratio for The Basics of Concrete Mixing Ratio. Quick-Setting Cement is perfect for making repairs to the edges of curbs and concrete steps. 10 Step 6: Determine water content. It’s important to consult with a professional to determine the appropriate concrete mix ratio for The ratios of sand to cement can vary. Here are a few Definition of concrete mix ratio: At its core, a concrete mix ratio is a set of proportions that dictate how the fundamental ingredients—cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes To make 1 cubic metre of concrete, you will need: 10 bags cement + 0. 5) that almost 17 % less sand & stone ? Concrete Mix 1-2-4 Ratio. What is the concrete mix ratio for 4500 Psi concrete? What is the best concrete mix ratio? We’ll go into the ins and outs of mix ratios in more detail below, but to simplify, a good concrete mix ratio for a concrete floor is: 1: cement 2: sand 4: coarse aggregates (for concrete slabs) When mixing, it’s important that the concrete is placed within half an hour to ensure consistency and easy The water to cement ratio is calculated by dividing the water in one cubic yard of the mix ( in pounds) by the cement in the mix (in pounds). Common ratios include 1:2:3 for cement:sand:aggregates, indicating one part cement, two parts sand, and three parts aggregates. 1 part cement to 2 parts aggregate by volume, with 5 parts water. In design mix concrete, ratios of components are accurately determined to achieve a mix with the desired strength. Water content also determines the The 1:4 ratio with cement tends to cover all bases. Mixing ratio chart. FAQ’s. Specify the number of bags of cement required per cubic meter. The amount of water added should be carefully controlled to ensure the mixture is not M15 concrete follows a 1:2:4 mix ratio of cement, sand, and coarse aggregates. The 1:2:4 concrete mix has a specific ratio of cement, sand, and coarse aggregate for making concrete. The proper concrete mixing ratios are 1:2:3, 1:3:3, 1:2:4 for cement, sand, and stone. If you use sand and aggregates separately, you usually need 0. Some additional things to consider when finding a suitable mix design If using a concrete mixer, add water (1. , We’ve written a complete guide to get the best mortar mixing ratios for sand cement mixes for whatever task you you are undertaking. Different types of concrete ratios Learn how to use concrete mix ratios to achieve different strengths and consistencies for your projects. (2005) reported a ratio of E/q u = 145 for slurry-clay-cement mixture, smaller than the lower limit of 175 proposed The most common concrete ratio mix for household use is generally the 1:2:3 method,1 part cement, 2 parts sand and 3 parts fine aggregate. The process of tiling floors and walls is a little different from each other. Mixing ratios for concrete using ballast. 5%, 1. The "M" in M20 stands for "mix," while the number 20 represents the compressive strength of the concrete mixture measured in MPa Refractory concrete mixture ingredients recipe for mixing by hand and concrete in building pizza ovens. Mix the concrete for 3-5 minutes until uniform in consistency and colour before pouring. Still, a standard mix ratio for a solid mortar is typically 3:1. Mind the Mix SAKRETE Concrete Mix is a pre-blended concrete material. e. 50. 25 is lime and 3 parts is washed, well graded, sharp sand mix with water. With Cement All, no bonding agent is needed. 7 m3 sand , 0. But the right (or wrong) tools can make a massive difference in the experience. It strikes a balance between ease of use, affordability, and performance for construction projects. the dry volume of the combined materials; the cement volume in cubic yards, the weight in pounds; sand volume in cubic yards and weight in pounds; the gravel volume in cubic yards and weight in pounds Consider supporting our work on Patreon: https://www. The proportion of sand-cement is 4 to 1. 15. Water-Cement Ratio. In this guide, we'll explore concrete mixing ratios, why they matter, and how to Add a Measured Amount of Water to the Concrete Mix. Whereas, a concrete mix with aggregate will be stronger and more durable for weight bearing castings like tiles and pavers. 5 (for Determine how much cement is required in the mix. 0% by weight Cement lime mortar mix ratio. Open to foot traffic in approximately 24 hours. Industry expertise, research, and testing have helped to shape standard ratios, so these are a good starting place To mix your own concrete for footings and piers, use 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts clean river sand, and 3 parts gravel (maximum of 1 inch diameter and specially washed for concrete mixing). Class B (2,500 psi) Read more Guide to Cement Prepare a container with a flat, solid surface base and tall sides for mixing mortar, if mixing by hand. The concrete mix ratio calculator is a great tool for both construction experts and DIY fans. 1 Curve D ( Figure shown in the end) found to be 0. The below table gives a basic indication of the mix ratios used for different purposes but should be used as a guide only. Quick-Setting Cement is a very fast setting concrete repair product. Plaster can be mixed manually or mechanically. Common ratios are 1-2-3 and 1-2-4, with higher sand content resulting in weaker The concrete mix ratio refers to the cement, sand, and aggregate proportion in a concrete mix. The calculator will yield a Cement to Sand Ratio of 1:3. This means, 1 bucket of Portland cement mixed with 2 buckets of Sand and 4 buckets of Stone. Mix cement and sand in a ratio of 1:4 (one part cement: four part sand). Generally their mix ratio would be 1: 0. Thread starter cadplan; Start date Mar 14, 2021; Tags ballast belle cement mixer concrete C. Use our concrete mix calculator to find how much Portland cement, sand, and gravel you need for your concrete mix. Now, let us calculate the amount of cement needed for the M25 ratio: Weight = volume × density QUIKRETE® Fast-Setting Concrete Mix (No. Concrete Mix (No. The water-cement ratio is crucial and must be carefully controlled to ensure proper hydration of the cement while maintaining workability Concrete Mix is a quality blend of cement, sand and aggregates , designed for small projects around the home or garden. 1:2:4 concrete mix strength: Concrete is the foundation (literally!) of countless construction projects, from towering skyscrapers to your backyard patio. Table 1 summarizes the current studies of cement-stabilized soil with different mix ratios. The Basics of Concrete Mixing Ratio. It’s essential to follow the recommended ratios to achieve the desired strength and consistency in your plaster mix. M25 concrete grade means, M refers to concrete mix, and numerical figure 25 represents its fck @28 Days curing. Safety Data Sheet . In the case of C20 concrete, the “C” stands for compressive strength, and “20” denotes a characteristic compressive strength of 20 megapascals (MPa) or 20 N/mm2. The w/c ratio is calculated from the weights of the materials, eg Concrete with 300kg of cement and 180 litres of water has a w/c ratio of 0. Making concrete is safe and surprisingly simple as long as you follow these easy steps: Step 1: Read the instructions. This gives just under 500kg of sand. Concrete Mix Ratio: Max. Sand - Course or Fine will work (course sand will give you a stronger mix) 3. This ensures a balance between strength and flexibility, which is especially important when mixing mortar for bricklaying, as it must support the weight of the bricks and endure environmental elements. 1004) ASTM ASTM C 387 • Structural Concrete Mix Attributes • Normal Set Concrete • 4000 PSI @ 28 days Strengths • 1500 PSI @ 3 days • A mix ratio of 1:2:4 (cement:sand:aggregate) is often used for these kinds of projects. size of aggregates (mm) Water for dry aggregates (liter)* Water for aggregates condition from dry to moist batch (liter)* Water for best consistency (liter)* Small precast work, fence posts, poles, garden furniture and other work of The concrete mix ratio for a heavy-duty project like large planters should have a higher proportion of aggregates. This ratio is essential for determining the compressive strength, workability, and durability of Here are a few tips to avoid the problem and find the right concrete mix ratio. Design Mix of Concrete Ratio. Traditionally, the water to cement ratio referred to the ratio of water to portland cement or water to blended cement. The difference lies in the increased amount of cement used in the 4000 psi mixture, resulting in a higher compressive strength. It can vary based on the desired concrete properties and local conditions. The advantages of concrete mix design are as follows-. in on 7 days. The basic concrete mixing ratios are 1:2:3, 1:3:3, and 1:2:4. 1:3:3: For slightly stronger concrete, go with one part cement, three parts sand, and three parts stone. 5. Improve this answer. Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 mix proportion should be 140 kg/sq. Water-Cement Ratio: The water-cement ratio usually ranges from 0. The often-used engineering term “water-cement ratio” is a ratio of weights. size of aggregates (mm) Water for dry aggregates (liter)* Water for aggregates condition from dry to moist batch (liter)* Water for best consistency (liter)* Small precast work, fence posts, poles, garden furniture and other work of How is the concrete ratio calculated? The concrete ratio is usually calculated differently depending on where and what we will use the concrete for. The water-cement ratio is usually around 0. 6). Small batches. By entering these details, it gives you the exact amounts The most important thing that determines the strength of the concrete mix is the water cement ratio. Mix the dry ingredients. 51 (cement: Sand: Stone: water) by weight. This provides a strong and workable mixture suitable for A normal mix of 1:8 with water cement ratio of 0. To a point, the more cement in the concrete mix the stronger it will be. 0%, 1. However, it’s easier to move and dump concrete that’s mixed in a wheelbarrow. Pour in half the sand, gravel and water and most of the cement. 4. Regarding c30 concrete, you’ll be mixing one part cement to two parts fine aggregate and three parts course aggregate. Proper measurements are vital for a strong and durable mixture. Mixing ratios are based on what psi concrete you need. The C30 Concrete Mix Ratio: 1:2:3. Pour dry mix into hole and soak with water. 50 AutoSpec The M20 concrete mix ratio is a formula that determines the mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, and water needed to achieve a strong and durable concrete blend suitable for moderate-strength construction applications. Enter the percentage ratios for sand, gravel, and water. How to Use: Enter the length, width, and depth of the area you need to fill with cement, in meters. C12/15 concrete mix ratio. Concrete Mixing Ratio for Plastering. This is lower than specified maximum W/C ratio value of 0. Basics of concrete mix ratio. The ballast is available as 20 kg bags. Equipment for mixing the cement mortar or concrete . Lime concrete mix ratio depends on the type of construction, but in general, it can be taken up to a 1:2:3 ratio for lime, sand, and coarse aggregate, respectively. Follow answered Apr 1, 2015 at 18:38. 5 ratio is often used for a stronger concrete mix. Through a process called hydration, the cement and a portion of water react and harden, binding the materials into a rocklike mass. The Desired mix ratio: 1 part cement : 2 parts sand : 3 parts gravel; To calculate the quantities of cement, sand, and gravel needed for this project, you can follow these steps: 1. 65 x 0. Usually, concrete with a gray cement mix will require less water than white cement concrete. 33 to find how What is the best concrete mix ratio? We’ll go into the ins and outs of mix ratios in more detail below, but to simplify, a good concrete mix ratio for a concrete floor is: 1: cement 2: sand 4: coarse aggregates (for concrete slabs) When mixing, it’s important that the concrete is placed within half an hour to ensure consistency and easy The strength of nominal mix concrete varied widely for given workability due to the variation of mix ingredients. This article acts as a guide for beginners wanting to learn more about the various aspects of concrete mixes such as safety 1. Mixing: The soil and cement are mixed in a predetermined ratio using a mixing machine. The water cement ratio is the ultimate factor for the strength and durability of the concrete when it is cured properly. The results show that the water content of cement-improved soil The M35 grade concrete does not have a standard mix ratio. Mortar mix ratio for brickwork. For instance, if the water cement ratio is 0. The proper ratio to use will again depend on what exactly you’re using the mortar for, but if you’re laying a patio, a good ratio is 4 parts sharp sand to 1 Adding integral color to a plain-gray concrete mix is easy to do and will add interest to your concrete creations. The mix ratio for M5 grade concrete is 1:5:10, which means that for every part of cement, 5 parts of sand and 10 parts of aggregate are used in the Types of Concrete Mix Ratio. 50 parts of water per part of cement. Step 5. 5 = 5. Concrete Mix Ratio for Roads and pavements. Sand, the fine aggregate, fills voids and contributes to the mix's density. Do the stirring as in the initial mix if there is a hardened mixture. For higher strength and durable structure, cement lime mortar mix are used. For this ratio, you would need approximately 0. As per general guidelines, for block/ brick work or masonry construction, typically, ratio of mortar mix is 1:3 (1 part cement to 3 parts sand), 1:4 (1 part cement to 4 parts sand), 1:5 (1 part cement to 5 parts sand) and 1:6 (1 part cement to 6 parts M25 concrete ratio is 1:1:2, which indicates the ratio of cement : sand : aggregate. Fold the mortar mix from the bottom into the water, when mixing by hand. Key Takeaways. The details of the required water-cement ratio . Type O is best for interior and non-load Mixing board; Shovel; Once you have everything you need, you’re ready to move on to mixing your mortar. Type O is the next most common mortar type that sees use almost exclusively indoors. Measure the length, width, and depth of the area where the concrete will The concrete mix ratio refers to the specific blend of ingredients—cement, sand, gravel, and water—determining the concrete's final characteristics. This is because type O mortar, after drying, is noticeably weaker than the basic type N. 5:3, 1:2:4, 1:3:6, 1:4:8, 1:5:10. PacMolds Top 4 4000 Psi Concrete Concrete Mixture and 4000 Psi Concrete Mix Ratio Philippines 4000 Psi Concrete Price Per Yard - Free download as PDF File (. For this, the ratio should be (1:3) 1 part cement to 3 parts sand, or (1:1:1 or 1:1:2) 1 part cement, 1 part sand, and 1 or 2 parts Handy guide on factors to multiply per cubic on different concrete class mixtures. 4794 cu. You can also watch our video here: Video on concrete mix ratio of various grades of concrete. What is the ideal number of plaster coats? Concrete Mix Ratios (Cement, Sand, Gravel) More Properties. The 1:2:4 ratio refers to the proportions by volume of the main ingredients in a concrete mix:. Pour the water into the opposite end of the wheelbarrow What is Concrete Mix Ratio? The concrete mix ratio refers to the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate used to make concrete. Concrete used in road construction and Mixing concrete is actually as easy as 1-2-3. You can also buy ready mix concrete, combined aggregate or ballast concrete mix at the shops, which is a bit more convenient. In M25 concrete, “M” stands for Mix ratio of cement:sand: aggregate & “25 “Stands for Compressive Quikrete 10 lb. Use a separate mixing container for the dry components. patreon. Although the cement-stabilized soil has been widely investigated, the water-cement ratio is mostly selected as an empirical constant. 81 parts of Sand (621kg of Sand) + 3. 42. 4 bags of cement are required per cubic meter of cement mortar (1:5). 5 + 1. ) For example: 1 4,500 lbs. Experiment with different ratios to find the optimal balance for your specific project needs. 2 Cement Content 3 1. These materials typically include cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes additional The paste is generally mixed in a high-speed, shear-type mixer at a w/c (water to cement ratio) of 0. 1007-80) Crack Resistant (No. They can also save you a ton of time and a lot of unnecessary pain. Empty the Concrete Mix blend slowly into the water and mix thoroughly. 634 Bags Sand 0. The ingredients ratio will vary depending on the purpose it is intended for. All the above mixes yield an amount of concrete slightly more than the quantity of coarse aggregate in the mix. The Concrete Mix Design Manual for Nigeria, like any document of this nature must be subjected to periodic review. The type of cement used in C20 concrete is typically Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which is a fine powder made from clinker and other materials. What Is Concrete Mix Ratio? Concrete Mix Ratio is the process of finding out the exact proportion of each ingredient of concrete to achieve the desired quality & property of concrete. See more To calculate the concrete mix for a project, follow these steps: Step 1: Determine the total volume of concrete needed. ˜e graph, right, illustrates the achievable technical To produce 1 m3 of C35 concrete mix with a mixing ratio of 1:3 from 1 part cement to 3 parts ballast, approximately 20 x 25 kg bags of cement and 2 bulk bags of ballast are required. In the industry, there is an oft-quoted 1-2-3 formula for mixing concrete, where one part portland cement is combined with two parts sand and three parts stone. It’s a versatile material, but its success hinges on using the correct mix ratio. This mix ratio is generally used for plain concrete and has a fixed proportion of cement, sand, and What Are Concrete Mixing Ratios? Concrete mixing ratios represent the proportions of various components in a concrete mix. a reference to specifying Perlite Lightweight Concrete. 4 means for every 100lbs of cement, 40 lbs of water must be Cement Mixing Ratio. Watering: Water is added to the mixture to achieve the desired moisture content. With the right tools, such as our portable DIY cement mixer, and by following these steps, you can achieve professional-grade results for all your home projects. If the mix lists the water in gallons, multiply the gallons by 8. This product has the unique characteristic of being able to be sculpted and molded as it sets. 5) that almost 17 % less sand & stone ? 3. The best way to make white mortar is to use white cement and white sand. Integral pigments come in powdered or liquid form and will color the entire batch of concrete, ensuring uniform color throughout. Unlike nominal mixes that just guarantee sufficient strength, standard concrete mix ratios add an extra measure of strength. The amount of sand required for 1m3 of screed can vary depending on the desired thickness and mix ratio. The concrete mix ratio refers to the proportion of cement, aggregate, and water in a concrete mix. 1081 Kg of Stone. Application of the M20 Concrete Mix Ratio. Real-Life Example. Pour the water into the opposite end of the wheelbarrow Every mortar mix has a different mixing ratio of lime, cement, and sand. During the process of mixing the cement, dust and debris can be harmful, In terms of the ratio for concrete, it depends on what strength you are trying to achieve, but as a general guide a standard concrete mix would be 1 part cement to 2 parts sand to 4 parts aggregates. OR if The proportion can be 1:2:4 (M15 concrete) or 1:1. The lime mortar mix ratio is not a predefined constant that is drawn from experience and industry wisdom. Sand should be clean, well graded, free from excessive clay, organic material and fine silts. Definition of concrete mix ratio: At its core, a concrete mix ratio is a set of proportions that dictate how the fundamental ingredients—cement, aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures—come together to form concrete. The cement paste premix may include admixtures such as The basic concrete mixing ratios are 1:2:3, 1:3:3, and 1:2:4. Concrete mix, that has little to no aggregate, will allow for a smoother pour and more defined cast. Ensure the Concrete Calculator. Achieving the correct ratio of sand and cement in your render mix is crucial to ensure a strong and durable finish. Here, we break down what you need to know for general-purpose DIY projects, and give advice on the use of ready mix concrete. 75 litres of clean water per bag of Concrete Mix) to the mixing vessel. It is the combination of these ingredients that gives concrete its unique properties. 1 Water Cement ratio 3 1. Determine The Water-Cement Ratio. If you are using a pointing mix, then you should have a ratio of 1:4 or 1:5 mortar to sand. 20 to 40 minutes. So if one cubic yard of the mix has 235 pounds of water and 470 pounds of cement- the mix is a . Besides these materials, chemical admixtures are also added when there is a When it comes to concrete construction, the mix ratio is crucial in determining the strength and durability of the final product. Preparing the right mix. Quikrete 10 lb. Once you've decided on your mortar ratio and you've got all the ingredients you need, it's time to mix the mortar. Let's consider a real-life example to illustrate the application of the Concrete Mix Ratio Calculator. Cement is the binding agent in concrete and is responsible for its strength. cm or 2000 lbs/sq. C12/15 concrete grade has mix ratio of 1:2:4 (1 cement : 2 Sand : 4 Stone). hkjsat qnrmo hlxcu dfhrc rgtqkg zpkf iwsksm tkcywa qhu qqfds